Syllogism

Introduction:
The questions which are asked in this section contain two or more statements and these statements are followed by two or more conclusions. You have to find out which of the conclusions logically follow from the given statements. The statements have to be taken true even if they seem to be at variance from the commonly known facts.
For such questions, you can take the help of Venn Diagrams. On the basis of the given statements, you should draw all the possible diagrams, and then derive the solution from each of these diagrams separately. Finally, the answer common to the all the diagrams is taken.
Example 1:
Statements:
  1. All dogs are asses.
  2. All asses are bulls.
Conclusions:
  1. Some dogs are not bulls.
  2. Some bulls are dogs.
  3. All bulls are dogs.
  4. All dogs are bulls.
Solution:
On the basis of both statements, the following one diagram is possible.
From the diagram it is clear that (2) and (4) conclusions logically follow.
Example 2:
Statements:
  1. Some dogs are asses.
  2. Some asses are bulls.
Conclusions:
  1. Some asses are not dogs.
  2. Some dogs are bulls.
Solution:
From these given statements the following diagrams are possible:
From the diagram neither (1) nor (2) conclusions follow.


Directions to Solve


In each of the following questions two statements are given and these statements are followed by two conclusions numbered (1) and (2). You have to take the given two statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance from commonly known facts. Read the conclusions and then decide which of the given conclusions logically follows from the two given statements, disregarding commonly known facts.
Give answer:
  • (A) If only (1) conclusion follows
  • (B) If sonly (2) conclusion follows
  • (C) If either (1) or (2) follows
  • (D) If neither (1) nor (2) follows and
  • (E) If both (1) and (2) follow.
1. 
Statements: Some actors are singers. All the singers are dancers.
Conclusions:
  1. Some actors are dancers.
  2. No singer is actor.
A.Only (1) conclusion follows
B.Only (2) conclusion follows
C.Either (1) or (2) follows
D.Neither (1) nor (2) follows
E.Both (1) and (2) follow
Answer & Explanation
2. 
Statements: All the harmoniums are instruments. All the instruments are flutes.
Conclusions:
  1. All the flutes are instruments.
  2. All the harmoniums are flutes.
A.Only (1) conclusion follows
B.Only (2) conclusion follows
C.Either (1) or (2) follows
D.Neither (1) nor (2) follows
E.Both (1) and (2) follow
Answer & Explanation
3. 
Statements: Some mangoes are yellow. Some tixo are mangoes.
Conclusions:
  1. Some mangoes are green.
  2. Tixo is a yellow.
A.Only (1) conclusion follows
B.Only (2) conclusion follows
C.Either (1) or (2) follows
D.Neither (1) nor (2) follows
E.Both (1) and (2) follow
Answer & Explanation
4. 
Statements: Some ants are parrots. All the parrots are apples.
Conclusions:
  1. All the apples are parrots.
  2. Some ants are apples.
A.Only (1) conclusion follows
B.Only (2) conclusion follows
C.Either (1) or (2) follows
D.Neither (1) nor (2) follows
E.Both (1) and (2) follow
Answer & Explanation
5. 
Statements: Some papers are pens. All the pencils are pens.
Conclusions:
  1. Some pens are pencils.
  2. Some pens are papers.
A.Only (1) conclusion follows
B.Only (2) conclusion follows
C.Either (1) or (2) follows
D.Neither (1) nor (2) follows
E.Both (1) and (2) follow
Answer & Explanation

6. 
Statements: All the actors are girls. All the girls are beautiful.
Conclusions:
  1. All the actors are beautiful.
  2. Some girls are actors.
A.Only (1) conclusion follows
B.Only (2) conclusion follows
C.Either (1) or (2) follows
D.Neither (1) nor (2) follows
E.Both (1) and (2) follow
Answer & Explanation
7. 
Statements: All the windows are doors. No door is a wall.
Conclusions:
  1. Some windows are walls.
  2. No wall is a door.
A.Only (1) conclusion follows
B.Only (2) conclusion follows
C.Either (1) or (2) follows
D.Neither (1) nor (2) follows
E.Both (1) and (2) follow
Answer & Explanation
8. 
Statements: All cups are books. All books are shirts.
Conclusions:
  1. Some cups are not shirts.
  2. Some shirts are cups.
A.Only (1) conclusion follows
B.Only (2) conclusion follows
C.Either (1) or (2) follows
D.Neither (1) nor (2) follows
E.Both (1) and (2) follow
Answer & Explanation
9. 
Statements: Some cows are crows. Some crows are elephants.
Conclusions:
  1. Some cows are elephants.
  2. All crows are elephants.
A.Only (1) conclusion follows
B.Only (2) conclusion follows
C.Either (1) or (2) follows
D.Neither (1) nor (2) follows
E.Both (1) and (2) follow
Answer & Explanation
10. 
Statements: All the pencils are pens. All the pens are inks.
Conclusions:
  1. All the pencils are inks.
  2. Some inks are pencils.
A.Only (1) conclusion follows
B.Only (2) conclusion follows
C.Either (1) or (2) follows
D.Neither (1) nor (2) follows
E.Both (1) and (2) follow
Answer & Explanation
11. 
Statements: Some dogs are bats. Some bats are cats.
Conclusions:
  1. Some dogs are cats.
  2. Some cats are dogs.
A.Only (1) conclusion follows
B.Only (2) conclusion follows
C.Either (1) or (2) follows
D.Neither (1) nor (2) follows
E.Both (1) and (2) follow
Answer & Explanation
12. 
Statements: All the trucks are flies. Some scooters are flies.
Conclusions:
  1. All the trucks are scooters.
  2. Some scooters are trucks.
A.Only (1) conclusion follows
B.Only (2) conclusion follows
C.Either (1) or (2) follows
D.Neither (1) nor (2) follows
E.Both (1) and (2) follow
Answer & Explanation
13. 
Statements: All buildings are chalks. No chalk is toffee.
Conclusions:
  1. No building is toffee
  2. All chalks are buildings.
A.Only (1) conclusion follows
B.Only (2) conclusion follows
C.Either (1) or (2) follows
D.Neither (1) nor (2) follows
E.Both (1) and (2) follow
Answer & Explanation

14. 
Statements: All cars are cats. All fans are cats.
Conclusions:
  1. All cars are fans.
  2. Some fans are cars.
A.Only (1) conclusion follows
B.Only (2) conclusion follows
C.Either (1) or (2) follows
D.Neither (1) nor (2) follows
E.Both (1) and (2) follow
Answer & Explanation



Directions to Solve
In each of the following questions two statements are given. Which are followed by four conclusions (1), (2), (3) and (4). Choose the conclusions which logically follow from the given statements.
1. 
Statements: No door is dog. All the dogs are cats.
Conclusions:
  1. No door is cat.
  2. No cat is door.
  3. Some cats are dogs.
  4. All the cats are dogs.
A.Only (2) and (4)
B.Only (1) and (3)
C.Only (3) and (4)
D.Only (3)
E.All the four
Answer & Explanation
2. 
Statements: All green are blue. All blue are white.
Conclusions:
  1. Some blue are green.
  2. Some white are green.
  3. Some green are not white.
  4. All white are blue.
A.Only (1) and (2)
B.Only (1) and (3)
C.Only (1) and (4)
D.Only (2) and (4)
Answer & Explanation
3. 
Statements: All men are vertebrates. Some mammals are vertebrates.
Conclusions:
  1. All men are mammals.
  2. All mammals are men.
  3. Some vertebrates are mammals.
  4. All vertebrates are men.
A.Only (4)
B.Only (2)
C.Only (3)
D.Only (1)
E.Only (1) and (3)
Answer & Explanation
4. 
Statements: All the phones are scales. All the scales are calculators.
Conclusions:
  1. All the calculators are scales.
  2. All the phones are calculators
  3. All the scales are phones.
  4. Some calculators are phones.
A.Only (1) and (4)
B.Only (3) and (4)
C.Only (2) and (4)
D.Only (1) and (2)
E.Only (1) and (3)
Answer & Explanation
5. 
Statements: Some tables are T.V. Some T.V. are radios.
Conclusions:
  1. Some tables are radios.
  2. Some radios are tables.
  3. All the radios are T.V.
  4. All the T.V. are tables.
A.Only (2) and (4)
B.Only (1) and (3)
C.Only (4)
D.Only (1) and (4)
E.None of the four.
Answer & Explanation

6. 
Statements: Some pens are books. Some books are pencils.
Conclusions:
  1. Some pens are pencils.
  2. Some pencils are pens.
  3. All pencils are pens.
  4. All books are pens.
A.Only (1) and (3)
B.Only (2) and (4)
C.All the four
D.None of the four
E.Only (1)
Answer & Explanation
7. 
Statements: All the goats are tigers. All the tigers are lions.
Conclusions:
  1. All the goats are lions.
  2. All the lions are goats.
  3. Some lions are goats.
  4. Some tigers are goats.
A.All the four
B.Only (1), (2) and (3)
C.Only (1), (3) and (4)
D.Only (2), (3) and (4)
Answer & Explanation
8. 
Statements: All the books are pencils. No pencil is eraser.
Conclusions:
  1. All the pencils are books.
  2. Some erasers are books.
  3. No book is eraser.
  4. Some books are erasers.
A.Only (3)
B.Only (1) and (3)
C.Only (1) and (2)
D.Only (2) and (3)
E.Only (3) and (4)
Answer & Explanation
9. 
Statements: All the research scholars are psychologists. Some psychologists are scientists.
Conclusions:
  1. All the research scholars are scientists.
  2. Some research scholars are scientists.
  3. Some scientists are psychologists.
  4. Some psychologists are research scholars.
A.Only (3) and (4)
B.None of the four
C.All the four
D.Only (3)
E.Only (2) and (4)
Answer & Explanation


Directions to Solve
In each of the following questions there are three statements. Which are followed by three or four conclusions. Choose the conclusions which logically follow from the given statements.
1. 
Statements: All the locks are keys. All the keys are bats. Some watches are bats.
Conclusions:
  1. Some bats are locks.
  2. Some watches are keys.
  3. All the keys are locks.
A.Only (1) and (2)
B.Only (1)
C.Only (2)
D.Only (1) and (3)
Answer & Explanation
2. 
Statements: Some keys are staplers. Some staplers are stickers. All the stickers are pens.
Conclusions:
  1. Some pens are staplers.
  2. Some stickers are keys.
  3. No sticker is key.
  4. Some staplers are keys.
A.Only (1) and (2)
B.Only (2) and (4)
C.Only (2) and (3)
D.Only (1) and (4) and either (2) or (3)
Answer & Explanation
3. 
Statements: Some questions are answers. Some answers are writers. All the writers are poets.
Conclusions:
  1. Some writers are answers.
  2. Some poets are questions.
  3. All the questions are poets.
  4. Some poets are answers.
A.Only (1) and (2)
B.Only (1) and (4)
C.Only (1) and (3)
D.Only (2) and (4)
Answer & Explanation
4. 
Statements: Some envelops are gums. Some gums are seals. Some seals are adhesives.
Conclusions:
  1. Some envelopes are seals.
  2. Some gums are adhesives.
  3. Some adhesives are seals.
  4. Some adhesives are gums.
A.Only (3)
B.Only (1)
C.Only (2)
D.Only (4)
Answer & Explanation
5. 
Statements: All the papers are books. All the bags are books. Some purses are bags.
Conclusions:
  1. Some papers are bags.
  2. Some books are papers.
  3. Some books are purses.
A.Only (1)
B.Only (2) and (3)
C.Only (1) and (2)
D.Only (1) and (3)
Answer & Explanation
6. 
Statements: Some rats are cats. Some cats are dogs. No dog is cow.
Conclusions:
  1. No cow is cat.
  2. No dog is rat.
  3. Some cats are rats.
A.Only (1)
B.Only (1) and (2)
C.Only (1) and (3)
D.Only (2) and (3)
E.Only (3)
Answer & Explanation
7. 
Statements: All the books are papers. Some papers are journals. Some journals are calendars.
Conclusions:
  1. Some journals are books.
  2. Some calendars are papers.
  3. Some books are journals.
  4. Some books are calendars.
A.Only (1)
B.Only (2)
C.Only (3)
D.Only (4)
E.None of the four
Answer & Explanation
8. 
Statements: All the bottles are boxes. All the boxes are bags. Some bags are trays.
Conclusions:
  1. Some bottles are trays.
  2. Some trays are boxes.
  3. All the bottles are bags.
  4. Some trays are bags.
A.Only (3) and (4)
B.Only (1) and (2)
C.Only (2) and (3)
D.Only (1) and (4)
Answer & Explanation
9. 
Statements: Some cars are jeeps. All the boxes are jeeps. All the pens are cars.
Conclusions:
  1. Some cars are boxes.
  2. No pen is jeep.
  3. Some boxes are cars.
A.None of three
B.Only (1) and (2)
C.Only (1) and (3)
D.Only (2) and (3)
Answer & Explanation


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